Determinants of Reproductive Tract Infection among married women in rural and peri-urban areas of Aligarh: A cross sectional Study

Background: Reproductive Tract Infections (RTI) have a direct impact on reproductive and child health through infertility, cancers, and pregnancy complications, and they have an indirect impact through their role in facilitating the sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. Objectives: To find the prevalence and determinants of RTI/STI among married women of reproductive age group in rural and peri-urban areas of Aligarh. Methods: The data were collected by using a pretested, semi-structured with both open and closed-ended questionnaire from 500 married women of reproductive age group. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 20.0 Proportion, frequencies, ?2, and logistic regression were used to interpret the data. Results: Prevalence of RTI/STI symptoms was found to (42.8%) in rural areas and 37.6 % in periurban areas. Strong association was found in study subjects having lower educational status, who were not using any contraceptive method, not following good menstrual hygiene, early marriage age had husband history of RTI/STI, had a history of abortion, had a history of violence, and increased parity. Conclusions: Prevalence of symptoms found to be associated with these females having low educational status, early age of marriage, high parity, partner history of reproductive Tract Infections, history of violence etc. So, there should be more focus on improvement in these factors to reduce the prevalence.

Niveles de actividad física en población adulta del municipio Pereira, Colombia / Levels of physical activity in the adult population of the municipality of Pereira, Colombia

Introducción: En la calidad de vida tiene una fuerte influencia los estilos de vida. A su vez, la inactividad física es uno de los estilos de vida más perjudiciales que genera discapacidad y años de vida perdidos, debido a su papel en la génesis y exacerbación de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de actividad física y factores asociados en la población adulta del municipio Pereira. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico. Se estimó una muestra de 1000 participantes entre las edades de 18 a 64 años. Los niveles de actividad física se midieron con el cuestionario internacional de actividad física versión larga. Se realizaron análisis bivariados. Resultados: El total de participantes fue de 996. La prevalencia global del cumplimiento de recomendaciones en actividad física del estudio fue de un 52,9 por ciento, en la que prevaleció el dominio de actividad física moderada. Los sujetos de mayor nivel socioeconómico obtuvieron menores prevalencias de actividad física. En cuanto a nivel de escolaridad, las categorías de tecnólogo (58 por ciento) y secundaria (57 por ciento) alcanzaron la más alta prevalencia de cumplimiento de recomendaciones mínimas. Conclusiones: Un poco más de la mitad de la población adulta pereirana cumple las recomendaciones mínimas de actividad física predominando la actividad de intensidad moderada, no obstante, la media presenta problemas de sobrepeso y obesidad. Es importante promover la práctica de actividad física de moderada a alta intensidad e involucrar a todos los estratos socioeconómicos(AU)

Introduction: Lifestyles have a strong influence on quality of life. In turn, physical inactivity is one of the most harmful lifestyles that generates disability and lost years of life, due to its role in the genesis and exacerbation of chronic non-communicable diseases. Objective: To determine the levels of physical activity and associated factors in the adult population of Pereira municipality. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study. It was estimated a sample of 1000 participants in the ages from 18 to 64. Physical activity levels were measured with the long version of the international questionnaire of physical activity. Bivariate analyses were performed. Results: The total number of participants was 996. The overall prevalence of compliance with recommendations in physical activity of the study was 52.9 percent, in which the domain of moderate physical activity prevailed. Subjects of higher socio-economic status obtained lower prevalences of physical activity. In terms of schooling level, the categories of technologist (58 percent) and secondary school level (57 percent) reached the highest prevalence of compliance with minimum recommendations. Conclusions: A little more than half of the adult population of Pereira meets the minimum recommendations for physical activity, predominating moderate intensity activity; however, the average presents problems of overweight and obesity. It is important to promote the practice of moderate to high intensity physical activity and involve all socio-economic strata(AU)

Influencia de los factores socioeconómicos en la ocurrencia de quemaduras en edades pediátricas / Influence of socioeconomic factors on the occurrence of burns in pediatric ages

Introducción: Los accidentes no se presentan solos, casi siempre están relacionados con un factor social y con el entorno cultural. Se plantea que las condiciones socioeconómicas impactan en la salud de las personas. Objetivos: Determinar los factores socioeconómicos que influyen en la ocurrencia de quemaduras en edades pediátricas. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en la sala de Caumatología del Hospital Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, en el 2017. Se utilizó el Sistema SPSS. Se determinaron la frecuencia absoluta y el porcentaje. Resultados: El grupo de edad más afectado fueron los niños de 1-4 años. No se encontró diferencias con relación al sexo. Los líquidos hirvientes fueron el agente causal que predominó. Sobresalieron las familias con 1 o 2 hijos y de bajos ingresos. En la casuística estudiada el 71,7 por ciento de los familiares tenía escasos conocimientos sobre la prevención y primeros auxilios de las quemaduras El 41,7 por ciento de las familias tenían algún familiar que fumaba. Conclusiones: La interacción de factores sociales con factores económicos influye en la ocurrencia de quemaduras y otras afecciones en edades pediátricas, siendo los más vulnerables el grupo de 1-4 años de edad(AU)

Introduction: Accidents do not occur isolated, they are almost always related to a social factor and the cultural environment. It is proposed that socioeconomic conditions impact on people's health. Objectives: To determine the socioeconomic factors that influence the occurrence of burns in pediatric ages. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in the Caumatology room of Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Hospital, Santiago de Cuba province, in 2017. The SPSS System was used. Absolute frequency and percentage were determined. Results: The most affected age group were children aged 1-4 years. No differences were found in relation to sex. Boiling liquids were the predominant causative agent. Families with 1 or 2 children and low incomes stood out. In the case studies, 71.7 percent of the relatives had little knowledge about the prevention and first aid of burns. 41.7 percent of the families had a family member who smoked. Conclusions: The interaction of social factors with economic factors influences the occurrence of burns and other conditions in pediatric ages, being the most vulnerable the group of 1-4 years old(AU)

The impact of public health interventions in a developing nation: an overview

Introduction: Around 80% of factors that determine population health sit outside the control of health services. It is essential we influence these factors in addition to those within the remit of health services in order to improve and protect the health of population in a developing country. Public health functions encompass working across the domains that constitute population health systems with various partners. The objective of this article is to give an overview of public health interventions that can improve the health of the population of a developing nation. Method: A descriptive study, based on a review of the literature of key public health frameworks and interventions that are likely to have significant impacts on population health. Some selected public health interventions and case studies are highlighted to illustrate the importance of priority areas in developing countries. Results: Various public health frameworks recognise the importance of wider determinants of health (socio-economic factors), effective healthcare, healthy behaviours, working with communities as critical to securing population health. Another framework adopts a life-course model of intervention starting from public health interventions during preconception period and childhood, adolescence, working life and older age. For many developing countries, the author identified some examples of priority areas for interventions such as stopping and preventing wars; improving child health, including free school meals; achieving universal healthcare through integrated primary health care; addressing commercial determinants of health; embracing new technologies; and measuring and monitoring population health. Conclusion: In order to improve the health of a population in a developing country, attention needs to go beyond health services to influence the wider determinants of health, health behaviours and adopting the World Health Organisation's roadmap on essential public health functions.

Asociación entre los factores socioeconómicos y las complicaciones postoperatorias de la colecistectomía / Association between socioeconomic factors and postoperative complications of cholecystectomy

El objetivo de este artículo es determinar si los factores socioeconómicos inciden en las complicaciones posoperatorias de la colecistectomía. Para ello, se definió realizar un estudio de tipo observacional, analítico y enfoque cuantitativo, en 100 pacientes en los que se les realizó colecistectomía. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión logística en el que se incorporaron como variables, factores de riesgo, características socioeconómicas, junto con una variable de control. Se aplicaron tres modelos con variables dependientes alternativas que están delimitadas por el tipo de complicación posoperatoria registrado. Los resultados encontrados mostraron que las mujeres manifiestan un mayor riesgo de presentar complicaciones posteriores a la colecistectomía, igual ocurre en los pacientes de mayor edad. Asimismo el riesgo es mucho menor en las personas con niveles de educación superior y en los pacientes en los que se realizó colecistectomía laparoscópica, alcanzando solo un 5% de riesgo de presentar complicaciones. Las complicaciones posoperatorias luego de la colecistectomía se minimizan al emplear la técnica laparoscópica y los factores socioeconómicos incidirían en el riesgo de padecer complicaciones posoperatorias luego de dicha cirugía, lo que la convierte a la colecistectomía laparoscópica en una operación segura y con muchos otros beneficios y ventajas sobre la cirugía tradicional o convencional.

The article ́s goal isto determine if socioeconomic factors influence the postoperative complications of cholecystectomy. For this, the observational study was defined, analytical and quantitative study was conducted in 100 patients who underwent cholecystectomy. A logistic regression model was applied in which risk factors, socioeconomic characteristics, along with a control variable, were incorporated as variables. Three models were run with alternative dependent variables that are delimited by the type of postoperative complication recorded. The results found showed that women show a higher risk of presenting complications after cholecystectomy, the same occurs in older patients. Likewise, the risk is much lower in people with higher education levels and in patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, they only have a 5% risk of presenting complications. Postoperative complications after cholecystectomy are minimized by using the laparoscopic technique and socioeconomic factors would influence the risk of suffering postoperative complications after said surgery, which makes laparoscopic cholecystectomy a safe operation with many other benefits and advantages over traditional or conventional surgery.

Producers' access to agricultural credit in Turkey: the case of Adana province / Fatores que determinam o acesso dos produtores ao crédito agrícola na Turquia: o caso da província de Adana

ABSTRACT: The issue of producers' access to agricultural credit is the key word in contemporary debates in the sense that this theme is increasingly addressed at conferences and scientific congresses. This is explained by the fact that agricultural credit is today considered as an important key to the development of the agricultural sector in developing countries. This study examined the factors influencing producers' access to agricultural credit in Turkey, precisely in the province of Adana. Questionnaire-based surveys were conducted on a sample of 101 producers trained in a simple random. From the analysis of the results obtained, we deduced that socio-economic factors such as the total area of land used, the irrigated area, the ratio between the total share of land used and the total owned land, then the ratio between the number of agricultural assets of the household and the total number household members play a preponderant role in the access of producers to agricultural credit. Since agricultural credit is perceived as an important lever in terms of the development of the agricultural sector in Turkey; it is therefore imperative, based on these research results, to develop policies aiming to improve producers' access to agricultural credit.

RESUMO: A questão do acesso dos produtores ao crédito agrícola é palavra-chave nos debates contemporâneos, na medida em que este tema é cada vez mais abordado em conferências e congressos científicos. Isso se explica pelo fato de que o crédito agrícola é hoje considerado uma importante chave para o desenvolvimento do setor agrícola nos países em desenvolvimento. Este estudo examina os fatores que influenciam o acesso dos produtores ao crédito agrícola na Turquia, precisamente na província de Adana. Pesquisas baseadas em questionário foram realizadas em uma amostra de 101 produtores treinados de forma aleatória simples. A partir da análise dos resultados obtidos, deduzimos que fatores socioeconômicos como a área total de terra usada, a área irrigada, a proporção entre a parcela total de terra usada e o total de terras possuídas, então a proporção entre o número de ativos agrícolas da família e o número total de membros da família desempenham um papel preponderante no acesso dos produtores ao crédito agrícola. Como o crédito agrícola é percebido como uma alavanca importante em termos de desenvolvimento do setor agrícola na Turquia, é, portanto, imperativo, com base nesses resultados da pesquisa, desenvolver políticas destinadas a melhorar o acesso dos produtores ao crédito agrícola.

Insegurança alimentar e perfil socioeconômico de domicílios acompanhados por Equipes de Saúde da Família / Food insecurity and socioeconomic profile of households accompanied by Family Health Teams

Introdução: A insegurança alimentar (IA) envolve dimensões psicológicas e manifestações físicas que comprometem e colocam a saúde das pessoas em risco. Objetivo: A pesquisa objetivou caracterizar os fatores determinantes da IA em domicílios de Lagarto, Sergipe. Método: Trata-se de estudo do tipo transversal conduzido entre agosto de 2018 e julho de 2019 com 94 domicílios acompanhados pelas Equipes de Saúde da Família de três Unidades Básicas de Saúde. Para isso, foram aplicados a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar e um questionário socioeconômico estruturado, que foram analisados por meio do SPSS 20.0 através de medidas descritivas e de tendência central, além do teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk e do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultado: Verificou-se que 27,60% dos domicílios estavam em segurança alimentar (SA), 51,10% em insegurança alimentar (IA) leve, 12,80% em IA média, e 8,50% em IA grave. Houve associação significativa do sexo, escolaridade do chefe da família, ganhos totais estratificados por salário-mínimo com as características demográficas e de trabalho do chefe de família com a situação de SA. Conclusão: A prevalência de insegurança alimentar (IA) nos domicílios analisados se mostrou maior que a média nacional, e a renda familiar confirmou ser o maior determinante das experiências de IA vivenciadas pelas famílias, além das características dos chefes da família, como sexo e escolaridade e das baixas classes econômicas.

Introduction: Food Insecurity (FI) encompasses psychological aspects and physical manifestations that impairs and places the health of individuals at risk. Objective: The research aimed to characterize the determining factors of FI in households of Lagarto, Sergipe. Method: A cross-sectional study carried out between August 2018 and July 2019 with 94 households, accompanied by the Family Health Teams of three Primary Healthcare Units. For this purpose, the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar - EBIA) was used, and a structured socio-economic questionnaire, the results of which were analyzed using the SPSS 20.0, through descriptive measures and central trend, as well as the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality and the Spearman coefficient of correlation. Results: It was verified that 27.60% of the households had food security (FS), 51.10% with light food insecurity (FI), 12.80% average FI, and 8.50% severe FS. There was a significant association between gender, schooling level of the head of the family, total earnings stratified by minimum-wage with the demographical characteristics and the occupation of the head of the family with the FI situation. Conclusion: The prevalence of food insecurity (FI) in the domiciles under analysis was demonstrated to be higher than the national average, and family income being the major determinant of the FI experienced by the families, as well as the characteristics of the heads of the families, such as gender and schooling levels and of low economic classes.

Autoregressive spatial modeling of possible cases of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika in the capital of Northeastern Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Dengue, chikungunya, and Zika are a growing global health problem. This study analyzed the spatial distribution of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika cases in São Luís, Maranhão, from 2015 to 2016 and investigated the association between socio-environmental and economic factors and hotspots for mosquito proliferation. METHODS: This was a socio-ecological study using data from the National Information System of Notifiable Diseases. The spatial units of analysis were census tracts. The incidence rates of the combined cases of the three diseases were calculated and smoothed using empirical local Bayes estimates. The spatial autocorrelation of the smoothed incidence rate was measured using Local Moran's I and Global Moran's I. Multiple linear regression and spatial autoregressive models were fitted using the log of the smoothed disease incidence rate as the dependent variable and socio-environmental factors, demographics, and mosquito hotspots as independent variables. RESULTS: The findings showed a significant spatial autocorrelation of the smoothed incidence rate. The model that best fit the data was the spatial lag model, revealing a positive association between disease incidence and the proportion of households with surrounding garbage accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika cases showed a significant spatial pattern, in which the high-risk areas for the three diseases were explained by the variable "garbage accumulated in the surrounding environment," demonstrating the need for an intersectoral approach for vector control and prevention that goes beyond health actions.

Economic inequality in prevalence of underweight and short stature in children and adolescents: the weight disorders survey of the CASPIAN-IV study

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the determinants of socio-economic inequality in the prevalence of short stature and underweight in Iranian children and adolescents. Subjects and methods: This cross-sectional nationwide study was conducted on 36,486 participants, aged 6-18 years. This school-based surveillance (CASPIAN- IV) program and its complementary part on weight disorders evaluation was conducted in urban and rural areas of 30 provinces in Iran. In addition to physical examination, a validated questionnaire was completed from students and their parents. Socio-economic status (SES) was determined using principal component analysis, and was classified in quintile scale. Inequality in the prevalence of underweight and short stature was assessed using concentration (C) index and slop index of inequality (SII) by the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method. Results: The prevalence (95% CI) of underweight and short stature at national level was 10.89 (10.55, 11.23) and 4.15 (3.94, 4.38), respectively; it had a downtrend from the lowest to highest SES quintile. Furthermore, the value of C for underweight and short stature was negative, i.e. inequality was in favor of high SES groups. Moreover, the prevalence gap of underweight and short stature in the first and fifth quintiles of SES was 6.58% and 5.80%, respectively. The highest proportion of this gap was explained by living area. In the multiple logistic model, odds of underweight and short stature were significantly lower in individuals with higher SES. Compared to boys, odds of underweight were decreased in girls, whereas odds of short stature were increased in them. Odds of underweight and short stature were increased in participants from rural areas than in urban areas. With increasing age, the odds of underweight and short stature decreased significantly. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that inequality in the prevalence of short stature and underweight was in favor of high SES groups. Moreover, living area was one of the most important determinants that explained this inequality. Therefore, this issue needs to be considered in health promotion policies.

Calidad de la dieta de los estudiantes de educación básica media de la Unidad Educativa ¨Sicapa¨. Chimborazo 2019 / Quality of the diet of middle school students of the Educational Unit "SICALPA". Chimborazo 2019

Introducción: La adolescencia es considerada una etapa de transición que implica una serie de cambios entre los que destacan la ganancia de peso y estatura y la maduración psicológica. Estos procesos demandan una gran cantidad de nutrientes que se adquieren a través de la dieta. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia del nivel socio-económico en la calidad de la dieta de los adolescentes que asisten a la Unidad Educativa Sicalpa. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva, de corte transversal. La muestra incluyó 82 estudiantes. Se utilizó una escala propuesta por el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (INEC) para medir el nivel socio-económico que va de alto (A) a bajo (D). La calidad de la dieta se midió a través del cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos (IASE). Se utilizó la correlación de Pearson para determinar la asociación entre el nivel socio-económico y calidad de la dieta. Resultados: La edad promedio del grupo estudiado fue 15.32 años, la mayor parte de adolescentes (41.46%) tuvieron entre 14 y 16 años y fueron de sexo masculino (59.76%). La mayor parte de adolescentes (74.39%) necesitaron realizar cambios en su dieta. En su mayoría los adolescentes pertenecieron al grupo de nivel socio-económico C- (64.63 %). La prueba de correlación de Pearson entre condiciones socio-económicas y calidad de la dieta mostró un resultado de 0.68. Conclusiones: Existió correlación positiva considerable entre las condiciones socio-económicas y la calidad de la dieta de los adolescentes de la Unidad Educativa Sicalpa.

Socioeconomic factors and inequality in the distribution of physicians and nurses in Mexico / Factores socioeconómicos y desigualdad en la distribución de médicos y enfermeras en México

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the human resources for health and analyze the inequality in its distribution in Mexico. METHODS Cross-sectional study based on the National Occupation and Employment Survey (ENOE in Spanish) for the fourth quarter of 2018 in Mexico. Graduated physicians and nurses, and auxiliary/technician nurses with completed studies were considered as human resources for health. States were grouped by degree of marginalization. Densities of human resources for health per 1,000 inhabitants, Index of Dissimilarity (DI) and Concentration Indices (CI) were estimated as measures of unequal distribution. RESULTS The density of human resources for health was 4.6 per 1,000 inhabitants. We found heterogeneity among states with densities from 2.3 to 10.5 per 1,000 inhabitants. Inequality was higher in the states with a very low degree of marginalization (CI = 0.4) than those with high marginalization (CI = 0.1), and the inequality in the distribution of physicians (CI = 0.5) was greater than in graduated nurses (CI = 0.3) among states. In addition, 17 states showed a density above the threshold of 4.5 per 1,000 inhabitants proposed in the Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health. That implies a deficit of nearly 60,000 human resources for health among the 15 states below the threshold. For all states, to reach a density equal to the national density of 4.6, about 12.6% of human health resources would have to be distributed among states that were below national density. CONCLUSIONS In Mexico, there is inequality in the distribution of human resources for health, with state differences. Government mechanisms could support the balance in the labor market of physicians and nurses through a human resources policy.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Describir los recursos humanos en salud y analizar la desigualdad en su distribución en México. MÉTODOS Estudio transversal basado en la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo del cuarto trimestre de 2018 en México. Se consideraron como recursos humanos en salud médicos y enfermeras con licenciatura, y personal de enfermería auxiliar/técnica con estudios concluidos. Se agrupó a los estados por grado de marginación y se estimó densidades de recursos humanos en salud por 1.000 habitantes, Índices de Disimilitud e Índices de Concentración (IC) como medidas de desigualdad en la distribución. RESULTADOS La densidad de recursos humanos en salud fue de 4,6 por 1.000 habitantes; se observó heterogeneidad entre los estados con que van 2,3 hasta 10,5 por 1.000 habitantes. La desigualdad fue mayor en los estados con muy bajo grado de marginación (IC = 0,4) que en los estados de muy alto grado (IC = 0,1), y fue mayor la desigualdad en la distribución de los médicos (IC = 0,5) que en las enfermeras profesionales (IC = 0,3) entre los estados. Para que todos los estados tuvieran una densidad igual a la nacional de 4,6, se tendrían que distribuir alrededor de 12,6% de los recursos humanos en salud entre los estados que estuvieron por debajo de la densidad nacional. Adicionalmente, 17 estados tuvieron una densidad superior al umbral de 4,5 por 1.000 habitantes propuesto en la Estrategia Global en Recursos Humanos para la Salud. Eso implica un déficit de casi 60 mil recursos humanos en salud entre los 15 estados por debajo del umbral. CONCLUSIONES En México existe desigualdad en la distribución de recursos humanos en salud, diferenciada en los estados. Mecanismos gubernamentales a través de una política de recursos humanos podrían incentivar el equilibrio en el mercado de laboral de los médicos y enfermeras.

Diferentes comportamentos do estilo de vida de universitários do curso de Educação Física / Different lifestyle behaviors of college students from the physical education course

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi de identificar os perfis de acadêmicos do curso de bacharelado em educação física conforme o estilo de vida (EV). Participaram deste estudo 157 estudantes de uma universidade pública brasileira. Os instrumentos de pesquisa foram: a "Escala do Estilo de Vida Fantástico" e um questionário sociodemográfico. Para a análise de dados, foram utilizados a Análise de Cluster e os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Qui-Quadrado. Em todas as análises adotou-se nível de significância de 95%. Os resultados evidenciaram quatro grupos distintos no que se refere ao estilo de vida, sendo que o Grupo 1 apresentou EV positivo nas dimensões: atividade física (p<0,001) e estresse (p<0,001). O grupo 2 apresentou o EV positivo nas dimensões: família, estresse, drogas ilícitas, comportamento, introspecção e trabalho. No Grupo 3 os estudantes apresentaram comportamento negativos do EV nas dimensões: estresse, introspecção, drogas ilícitas, comportamento, introspecção e trabalho. Por fim, os discentes no Grupo 4 apresentaram comportamentos negativos do EV nas dimensões: atividade física e estresse. Destaca-se que a faixa etária apresentou associação significativa com os grupos de estudantes, dado que os Grupos 2 e 3 eram compostos por universitários mais velhos. Os diferentes perfis de estudantes de Educação Física podem estar vinculados ao fenômeno espelhado na maioria das dimensões compostas na avaliação do instrumento, sendo que a idade é um fator preponderante para diferenciar os grupos que apresentaram comportamentos positivos e negativos frente ao EV.

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify the academic profile of students in an undergraduate course in the Physical Education Program based on their lifestyle (LS). A total of 157 university students of a Brazilian public university participated in this study. Research tools used were the Fantastic Lifestyle Assessment and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Cluster analysis and Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-squared tests were used for data analysis. A 95% confidence level was adopted in all analyses. Results showed four distinct lifestyle groups. Group 1 presented a positive LS in the following dimensions: physical activity (p <0.001) and stress (p <0.001), while Group 2 had a positive LS in the following dimensions: family, stress, illicit drugs, behavior, insight, and work. In Group 3, students showed a negative LS behavior in the following dimensions: stress, insight, illicit drugs, behavior, and work, while students in Group 4 presented a negative LS behavior in the following dimensions: physical activity and stress. It is important to highlight that the age group had a significant association with student groups, since Groups 1 and 2 were comprised of senior university students. The different profiles of physical education students may be linked to the phenomenon reflected in most dimensions in the instrument assessment; in addition, age is a predominant factor to differentiate the groups that present positive and negative behaviors regarding LS.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los perfiles académicos del curso de bachillerato en educación física según el estilo de vida (EV). Un total de 157 estudiantes universitarios de una universidad pública brasileña participaron en este estudio. Los instrumentos de investigación fueron: la Escala del estilo de vida "FANTASTICO" y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Para el estudio de datos, se utilizó el análisis de Cluster y las pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y Chi-Square. En todos los análisis, se adoptó un nivel de significación de 95%. Los resultados mostraron cuatro grupos distintos con respecto al estilo de vida, como siguen: el grupo 1 presentó EV positivo en las dimensiones de actividad física (p <0.001) y estrés (p <0.001), el grupo2 presentó EV positivo en las dimensiones de familia, estrés, drogas ilícitas, comportamiento, introspección y trabajo, en el grupo 3, los estudiantes presentaron comportamientos negativos de EV en las dimensiones de estrés, introspección, drogas ilícitas, comportamiento, introspección y trabajo; finalmente, los estudiantes en el grupo 4 presentaron comportamientos negativos de VE en las dimensiones de actividad física y estrés. Se señala que el grupo de edad presentó una asociación significativa con los grupos de estudiantes, y los grupos 2 y 3 estaban compuestos por estudiantes universitarios mayores. Los diferentes perfiles de los estudiantes de Educación Física pueden estar vinculados al fenómeno reflejado en la mayoría de las dimensiones compuestas en la evaluación del instrumento, y la edad es un factor predominante para diferenciar los grupos que presentaron comportamientos positivos y negativos con respecto al EV.

Household Food Insecurity and Associated Dietary and Socio-economic Factors among Pregnant Women of Mid-west Bangladesh

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of household food insecurity and to determine the dietary and non-dietary factors associated with household food insecurity among pregnant women of mid-west Bangladesh. Methodology: The study was conducted in four sub-districts of Rajshahi district: Rajshahi Sadar, Godagari, Tanor and Shardah. It was a cross-sectional study which randomly enrolled 150 pregnant women. Household food insecurity among the respondents was calculated with the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). Results: The mean age of the pregnant women was 29±3 years. About 76% of respondents were food secure, 23% of respondents were mildly food insecure, and only 1% of respondents were moderately food insecure. Severe food insecurity was not observed among the respondents in Rajshahi. About 17% of respondents were anxious and uncertain about their household food supply, about 23% of respondents said that they had to eat foods of insufficient quality and only 1% of respondents replied that they had eaten an insufficient amount of food during the month prior to the study. It was observed that the mean Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) and mean Food Consumption Score (FCS) significantly differed (P < .05) between food secure and food insecure respondents. Meat, fish and poultry consumption were found higher among the food secure respondents but vegetable consumption was higher among the food insecure group. Some socio-economic factors such as household size, respondents’ educational status, husbands’ educational status, husbands’ occupation and monthly household income were significantly associated (P < .05) with household food insecurity of the respondents.

Relevancia de factores socioeconómicos en la convergencia a NIIF: Análisis en Pymes de dos sectores de Villavicencio / Relevance of socioeconomic factors in the convergence to IFRS: Analysis in SMEs in two sectors of Villavicencio / Relevância dos fatores socioeconômicos na convergência para o IFRS: Análise em PME de dois setores de Villavicencio

Resumen El propósito del presente artículo consiste en demostrar el estado en el cual se encuentra la aplicación de las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF) en las pequeñas y medianas entidades y su relación con los factores socioeconómicos del orden nacional. La metodología empleada es de carácter cuantitativo de tipo comparativo, con base en informes extraídos del sistema de información y reporte empresarial de la Superintendencia de Sociedades de Colombia y de la aplicación de un cuestionario a 68 contadores encargados de llevar a cabo la implementación en entidades de los sectores agroindustrial y de servicios de la ciudad de Villavicencio. Los resultados se muestran en tres apartados: la caracterización de las entidades, el estado de la implementación y la relevancia de los factores económico y social sobre el proceso. A partir de la aplicación de la prueba no paramétrica chi-cuadrado, fue posible concluir la existencia de variables con un alto grado de significancia en la implementación de estos estándares internacionales, los cuales impactan tanto positiva como negativamente el desarrollo de la convergencia. Clasificación JEL: M41, M48.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the state in which the application of international Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is found in small and medium-sized entities and their relationship to the socioeconomic factors of the National order The methodology used is quantitative in nature, based on reports extracted from the information System and Business Report of the Superintendency of Companies of Colombia and the application of a questionnaire to 68 accountants responsible for To carry out the implementation in companies of the agro-industrial and services sectors of the city of Villavicencio. The results are shown in three sections: the characterization of the entities, the status of the implementation and the relevance of the economic and social factors on the process. From the application of the chi-square non-parametric test, it was possible to conclude the existence of variables with a high degree of significance in the implementation of these international standards, which impact both positively and negatively the Convergence development. JEL Classification: M41, M48.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar o estado em que a aplicação das Normas Internacionais de Relatório Financeiro (IFRS) é encontrada em entidades de pequeno e médio porte e sua relação com fatores socioeconômicos em nível nacional. A metodologia utilizada é de natureza quantitativa comparativa, baseada em relatórios extraídos do sistema de informação e do relatório de atividades da Superintendência de Empresas da Colômbia e da aplicação de um questionário a 68 contadores encarregados de executar a implementação em entidades de os setores agroindustrial e de serviços da cidade de Villavicencio. Os resultados são apresentados em três seções: a caracterização das entidades, o estado da implementação e a relevância dos fatores econômicos e sociais no processo. A partir da aplicação do teste qui-quadrado não paramétrico, foi possível concluir a existência de variáveis com alto grau de significancia na implementação desses padrões internacionais, que impactam tanto no desenvolvimento positivo quanto negativo da convergência. Classificações JEL: M41, M48.

Pregnant women with severe anemia reporting in labor: prevalence, socio-demographic and obstetric determinants

Background: Severely anemic women reporting in labor remains one of the most important challenging situation for the obstetrician as well as for the mother and her family due to its adverse feto-maternal outcome. Various socio-demographic and obstetric conditions need to be explored which are important to tackle them, for primary prevention of anemia. The aim and objectives of the study were to estimate prevalence of severe anemia in pregnant women reporting in labor in a tertiary hospital of Delhi and to evaluate various socio-economic and associated obstetric factors associated.Methods: This is a hospital based, prospective, case contol study. Hemoglobin was estimated at the time of labor room admission. Fifty consecutive antenatal women with severe anemia (Group A) and 50 non-anemic women (Group B) were enrolled in early labor. Socio-demographic and obstetric factors, were recorded and analyzed.Results: Prevalence of severe anemia was estimated to be 2.23%. Determinants of severe anemia were found to be socio-economic status (p value 0.001), education (p value 0.001), rural living (p value 0.016), calorie intake (p value 0.001), BMI (p value 0.046), booking status of pregnancy (p value 0.001), gravida (p value 0.024), inter-conception interval (p value 0.002) and regular iron-folic acid intake (p value 0.001).Conclusions: Primary prevention of anemia by targeting these factors at the community/state/ national level, by the policy makers is important. Early booking and screening for anemia in antenatal clinics, providing iron supplements to anemic women for secondary prevention of severe anemia is recommended so that no woman reports with severe anemia in labor.

Correlation between Demographic and Socio-Economic Factors among Undergraduate Medical Students in Taif University, Saudi Arabia

This research was carried out in the College of Medicine at the University of Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It included arandom sample of medical students in 4th, 5th and 6th years (males and females). Data were collected using a semistructured, self-administered questionnaire, including comprehensive, anonymous demographic and socioeconomic data,lifestyle factors, health related quality of life using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, other health-related data, socialsupport, as assessed using the Multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS), student’s academic motivation,using self-efficacy and active learning strategies scales from MSPSS questionnaire an the past year grade point average(GPA). The results showed that their GPA ranged between 1.30 and 3.90 out of 4 with a mean of 3.04 and SD of 0.52. It wasabnormally distributed as evidenced by significant Shapiro-Wilk test, p<0.001. Multiple linear regression analysis revealedthat, after control for confounding, only gender of the students (females), non-smokers, membership in charity association,having higher score of psychological domain of quality of life, better overall QOL, and higher learning strategies score weresignificantly associated with GPA score and they are responsible for 21.5% variability of the score (r-square=0.215). Fromthe results it could be concluded that Academic performance of senior medical students in Taif University, manifested byGPA score is influenced by many factors (multi-factorial) that are responsible for only 21.5% of variability in grade pointaverage (GPA).

Analysis on the accident casualties influenced by several economic factors based on the traffic-related data in China from 2004 to 2016 / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#By studying the economic data related to road traffic accidents in recent 10 years, this paper explores the impact of various economic factors on the number of casualties in traffic accidents in China, and puts forward related prevention and management measures.@*METHODS@#Based on five economic factors including the number of new health institutions, health investment, transportation investment and disposable income per capita, this paper collects the data of traffic accidents in 31 provinces and municipalities of China from 2004 to 2016 and estimates the parameters using fixed effect model.@*RESULTS@#The number of health institutions, health investment, transportation investment and disposable income per capita are negatively correlated with the number of traffic accident casualties; the number of new health institutions is positively correlated with the number of traffic accident casualties; health investment and transportation investment have a great impact on the number of road traffic accident casualties.@*CONCLUSION@#Economic development has a positive impact on improving traffic conditions, but the increase in the number of new health institutions does not reduce the number of casualties in accidents. The irrational layout of health institutions and imperfect road traffic management mechanism should be taken into account.

Reducción de inequidades en el sistema sanitario / Reduction of inequities in the health system

La OMS define el sistema sanitario como un conjunto complejo de elementos interrelacionados que contribuyen a la salud en hogares, lugares de trabajo, lugares públicos y las comunidades, así como en el medio ambiente físico, psicosocial y en el sector de la salud (1). La función principal de un sistema sanitario es asegurar a la población el derecho a la salud, por lo que es fundamental instaurar condiciones que aseguren el acceso a los sistemas sanitarios a todas las personas sin discriminación. Es importante analizar los determinantes sociales de la salud como: clase, género, edad, etnia, que repercuten en las desigualdades en la salud (2). La investigación de las causas de las enfermedades nos permite observar las injusticias sociales (8).Existen varios tipos de desigualdades: las aceptables, que provienen de la libre elección de los individuos; las injustas y evitables, que resultan de la distribución desigual de los recursos y condiciones de vida; y las inevitables, las cuales son consecuencia de la distribución desigual de ciertos factores, como los genéticos/biológicos. Estas desigualdades no tienen por qué causar ningún perjuicio ni discriminación, simplemente existen y habrá que tratarlas (3).Los individuos no partimos de condiciones iguales y en el transcursode la vida nos exponemos a diversos factores que nos colocan en distintos escenarios.

WHO defines the health system as a complex set of interrelated elements that contribute to health in homes, workplaces, public places and communities, as well as in the physical, psychosocial and health sectors (1). The main function of a health system is to guarantee the population the right to health, so it is essential to establish conditions that ensure access to health systems to all people without discrimination. It is important to analyze the social determinants of health such as: class, gender, age, ethnicity, which have an impact on health inequalities (2). The investigation of the causes of diseases allows us to observe social injustices (8). There are several types of inequalities: the acceptable ones, which come from the free choice of individuals; the unfair and avoidable, resulting from the unequal distribution of resources and living conditions; and the inevitable ones, which are a consequence of the unequal distribution of certain factors, such as genetic / biological. These inequalities do not have to cause any harm or discrimination, they simply exist and must be treated (3). Individuals do not start from equal conditions and in the course of life we ​​expose ourselves to various factors that place us in different scenarios.

Caracterización de las familias que abandonan el tratamiento de estimulación temprana. Centro Senén Casas Regueiro / Characterization of the families that abandon the early stimulation treatment. Senén Casas Regueiro Center

Introducción: se desconoce por qué las familias y consecuentemente el infante interrumpe o abandona el tratamiento establecido por el Programa de Atención Temprana para los trastornos del neurodesarrollo. Objetivo: Describir las características de las familias que abandonan el tratamiento de estimulación temprana en el centro Senén Casa Regueiro. Material y Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal en familias de infantes de 0 a 12 años con trastornos del neurodesarrollo en La Habana Vieja durante el periodo 2014-2015, que considera variables demográficas, sociales y económicas. En el análisis se emplearon las frecuencias absolutas y relativas, la media, la desviación estándar y las pruebas x2. Resultados: la prevalencia de abandono del tratamiento fue del 88,0 por ciento. Los porcentajes de mayor interrupción se presentaron en madres o tutores de 15-18 años (47,20 por ciento, x2 = 10,47 p = 0.0001) y en hijos de padres divorciados (52,00 por ciento). El nivel de escolaridad que mayor porcentaje aportó al problema fue el primario (52,00 por ciento, x2 = 20, 69 p= 0,0000), en familias con mayor número de hijos; de 3-4 hijos (86,40 por ciento, x2 = 29,90 p = 0,00000), que poseían viviendas en malas condiciones (48,00 por ciento x2 = 9,45 p = 0,00021). Los tratamientos más prolongados expresaron mayor porcentaje de abandono (60,00 por ciento, x2 = 3,75 p = 0,053519). Tanto las familias que desertaron del tratamiento, como las que no, presentaron elevados porcentajes de buena satisfacción con el programa (95,20 por ciento y 94,12 por ciento respectivamente). Conclusiones: predominó el abandono al tratamiento en madres cuyos grupos de edades oscilaron entre 15-18 años, divorciadas, en niños con tratamientos más prolongados; destacándose el nivel de escolaridad primario de las madres y las malas condiciones de la vivienda. Asimismo, interrumpieron el tratamiento las familias con mayor número de hijos y menor número de personas con remuneración monetaria(AU)

Introduction: It is unknown why families and consequently, the infant interrupt or abandon the treatment established by the Early Care Program for neurodevelopmental disorders. Objective: To describe the characteristics of families that abandon the early stimulation treatment at the "Senén Casas Regueiro" Center of Comprehensive Pediatric Rehabilitation. Material and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in families of infants with neurodevelopmental disorders from 0 to 12 years old in Old Havana, during the period 2014-2015. Demographic, social, and economic variables were considered. Absolute and relative frequencies, the mean, the standard deviation, and the chi-squared tests were used in the analysis. Results: The prevalence of abandonment of treatment was 88.0 percent. The percentages of greatest interruption occurred in mothers or guardians aged 15-18 years (47.20 percent; x2= 10.47; p = 0.0001), and in children of divorced parents (52.00 percent). The level of education that contributed in the highest percentage to the problem was primary schooling (52.00 percent; x2 = 20, 69; p = 0.0000) in families with the largest number of children; families with 3-4 children (86.40 percent; X2 = 29.90; p = 0.00000), who lived in homes in poor conditions (48.00 percent x2 = 9.45; p = 0.00021). Longer treatments expressed a greater percentage of abandonment (60.00 percent; x2 = 3.75; p = 0.053519). Both the families that abandoned the treatment and those that did not do it, showed high percentages of good satisfaction with the program (95.20 percent and 94.12 percent, respectively). Conclusions: Abandonment of treatment predominated in mothers whose age groups ranged between 15-18 years; divorced; in children with more prolonged treatments; highlighting the mothers with primary schooling and poor housing conditions. Likewise, families with a greater number of children and a smaller number of people with monetary remuneration interrupted the treatment(AU)

Enteroparasitoses e aspectos socioeconômicos em pacientes alcoolistas / Intestinal parasites and socioeconomic aspects of alcoholic patients

Introdução: as enteroparasitoses constituem um problema de saúde pública que atinge as populações mais vulneráveis. O alcoolismo é um problema que afeta milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, apresenta efeitos nocivos à saúde dos indivíduos e predispõe à infecção por S. stercoralis e às formas mais graves da estrongiloidíase. Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência da infecção das enteroparasitoses, bem como fatores socioeconômicos e sanitários de pacientes alcoolistas atendidos em um centro de tratamento especializado em Salvador, Bahia. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com pacientes alcoolistas (n=277), do sexo masculino, atendidos em um centro de tratamento entre julho de 2014 e junho de 2017. O estudo foi realizado através da aplicação de um questionário estruturado para obtenção de dados socioeconômicos, demográficos e sanitários, sendo solicitadas, ainda, pelo menos duas amostras de fezes em dias alternados. O diagnóstico parasitológico foi realizado pelos métodos de sedimentação espontânea, Baermann-Moraes e cultura em placa de ágar. Resultados: a média de idade dos pacientes inclusos foi de 44,8 ± 9,5 anos. Verificouse que 35,7% dos pacientes estavam infectados com algum enteroparasito e, desses, 30,3% eram monoparasitados. Os parasitos mais frequentes foram S. stercoralis, Endolimax nana e ancilostomídeos, correspondendo 16,6%, 11,2% e 5,8%, respectivamente. Conclusão: dessa forma, S. stercoralis foi o parasito mais frequente, e a associação entre a infecção por esse parasito e o alcoolismo pode levar à estrongiloidíase grave. A elevada frequência de enteroparasitoses nesses pacientes, principalmente por protozoários, deve-se à ausência de higiene pessoal, pois esses indivíduos são suscetíveis à infecção oral fecal. A implementação de medidas de saneamento básico e de campanhas de conscientização para prevenção de infecções parasitárias é imprescindível para a saúde das populações mais vulneráveis.

Introduction: intestinal parasitoses are a public health issue that notably affects vulnerable populations. Alcoholism is a problem that affects millions worldwide by causing damaging effects to the health of individuals as it predisposes them to that infection through stercralisàs and more evolved forms of strongyloidiasis. Objective: evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections as well as socioeconomic and sanitation factors in a population of alcoholic patients at a specialized treatment facility in Salvador, Bahia. Methodology: this cross-sectional study was carried out with male alcoholic patients (n=277) at a treatment facility from July/2014 to June/2017. The research data were collected through a structured questionnaire aimed to obtain socioeconomic, demographic and sanitation information. Stool tests were ordered in alternate days. The parasitological diagnosis was based on methods of spontaneous sedimentation, Baermann-Moraes and Agar plate growth medium. Results: the patients' average age was 44,8 ± 9,5 years. A total of 35% of the patients was infected with a type of enteroparasite, of whom 30,3% was mono-infected. The most commonly found parasites were S. stercoralis, Endolimax nana and hookworm, corresponding to 16,6%, 11,2% e 5,8%, respectively. Conclusion: as such, S. Stercoralis was the most frequent parasite in this population and the association between the infection by this parasite and alcoholism may lead to severe strongyloidiasis. The high rates of enteroparasitism in those patients, particularly protozoa, are due to the lack of adequate personal hygiene, given those individuals are prone to acquire infections transmitted through the oral fecal route. An implementation of public health sanitation measures and the launch of public awareness campaigns in order to prevent parasite infections are vital to the health of vulnerable populations.